Noise mechanisms investigation in pyroelectric infrared detectors based on Mn-doped Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–0.27PbTiO3 vs. LiTaO3 single crystals

Different noise mechanisms between Mn-doped Pb(Mg_1/3Nb_2/3)O₃–0.27PbTiO₃ (Mn-PMNT) and LiTaO₃ (LT) based pyroelectric infrared detectors were observed under voltage mode, revealing that at low frequency of 10 Hz, dielectric loss noise dominates for Mn-PMNT based detectors, while resistance noise for LT based ones. Meanwhile, an extremely low equivalent voltage noise of appropriate 20 nV/Hz^1/2 was obtained in Mn-PMNT based detectors, 1/4 times lower than that of the LT based detectors. On the basis of the different noise mechanisms, frequency dependence of figure of merit for detectivity (F_d) have been deduced, providing significant reference values for the analysis of different materials based pyroelectric detectors.     

Numerical calculation of apparent IR radiation of cloud

The infrared detection has been one of important approaches for aerial target detection, but the existence of clouds in the sky makes target detection difficult, so it is of great significance to research the features of infrared radiation of clouds. Combining Mie scattering theory, the calculation model of infrared radiation on the cloud appearance was put forward and this model mainly considered two parts including direct and scattering radiation. The calculation methods of direct radiation, primary scattering and multiple scattering were discussed in detail to put forward the specific methods for numerical computation. Based on the calculation model, cumulus was taken as the example to calculate its radiation of wave band of long-wave infrared and analyze its radiation characters. The calculation results showed that: both perpendicular incidence and scattering could make great contributions to apparent radiation of cloud and could not be ignored; as for the distribution of direction angles, the radiation of clouds decreased with increase of direction angles as a whole; in the aspect of spectrum distribution, spectral radiance feature of the clouds was complicated function of wave length. Finally, the calculation results were verified using clouds imaging experiment of which the result also effectively proved the correctness of the calculation model.     

Large inverse and normal magnetocaloric effects in HoBi compound with nonhysteretic first-order phase transition

HoBi single crystal and polycrystalline compounds with NaCl-type structure are successfully obtained, and their magnetic and magnetocaloric properties are studied in detail. With temperature increasing, HoBi compound undergoes two magnetic transitions at 3.7 K and 6 K, respectively. The transition temperature at 6 K is recognized as an antiferromagnetic-to-paramagnetic (AFM-PM) transition, which belongs to the first-order magnetic phase transition (FOMT). It is interesting that the HoBi compound with FOMT exhibits good thermal and magnetic reversibility. Furthermore, a large inverse and normal magnetocaloric effect (MCE) is found in HoBi single crystal in the $H|| [100]$ direction, and the positive $\Delta S_{\rm M}$ peak reaches 13.1 J/kg$\cdot$K under a low field change of 2 T and the negative $\Delta S_{\rm M}$ peak arrives at $-18 $ J/kg$\cdot$K under a field change of 5 T. These excellent properties are expected to be applied to some magnetic refrigerators with special designs and functions.     

CCD电子辐照效应三维蒙特卡罗模拟研究

CCD易受空间环境中高能电子辐射的影响,造成性能下降和工作异常,针对此问题,选取某国产N沟道3相多晶硅交迭栅、帧转移结构CCD开展了电子辐照效应研究。采用三维蒙特卡罗软件FLUKA建立电子辐照CCD的组成材料Si和SiO₂模型,仿真模拟电子和材料相互作用的物理过程,计算不同能量电子在Si和SiO₂中的总质量阻止本领和射程,与文献理论计算结果对比验证了本文仿真方法的正确性。建立CCD像元阵列的三维模型,模拟计算不同能量电子在CCD中能量沉积过程的影响,以及像元间有无边界对电子在CCD像元中平均原子离位（DPA）的影响,分析了辐照损伤差异产生的机理。结果表明,靠近入射点的像元能量沉积最大处对应的入射电子能量较小;对于无边界像元,电子辐照产生的DPA随入射深度的增加先增加后减小,而在有边界像元中产生的DPA随入射深度的增加先减小后增加,并且随入射深度的增加无边界像元中产生的DPA与有边界像元中产生的DPA差值越来越小。     

非理想氢原子束真空环境长程传输模拟研究

模拟研究了非理想氢原子束在真空环境下的长程传输效应。根据中性化程度的不同,将非理想束分为欠中性束和过中性束。通过建立束流传输的准电磁模型,研究了束流密度、中性化因子、空间磁场和弹性散射等因素对非理想氢原子束的影响。结果表明:对于欠中性束,负氢离子的存在对氢原子的传输几乎没有影响,因此欠中性束的发射装置可以考虑去除偏置磁场,以减小设备体积和质量;对于过中性束,束流损失率与束流密度和中性化因子有关,即束流密度越大,束流损失越大;中性化因子越高,束流损失就越高;而无论是欠中性束还是过中性束,空间磁场和粒子间的弹性散射对其传输都没有影响。     

Synthesis,crystal chemistry and physical study of a new series of rare earth phosphates with specific open structure

Hexagonal rare earth phosphates with the composition LnP0₄,xKOH (Ln = Eu - Lu, Y; 0 < x ≤ 1), were prepared by coprecipitation of rare earth nitrates and potassium phosphate in basic medium. These compounds were characterized by X-ray diffraction and chemical analysis. The best crystallinity was obtained for samples heat-treated at 660–750°C in air during 24 h, in which the K content was determined to be near 1 % (wt). A Rietveld refinement of these hexagonal orthophosphates was performed in the same conditions as used for the hexagonal holmium orthophosphate reported earlier by us (rhabdophane-type, space group P6₂22). It indicated that a part of KOH is incorporated in the hexagonal form and that the other part remains in an amorphous form. Between 800 and 1200°C the two forms gradually transform into a zircon-type LnP0₄ phase for Ln = Tb-Lu, Y and a monazite-type LnP0₄ phase for Ln = Eu, Gd. The infrared spectra for all these compounds were obtained by the KBr disk method.     

How do mutative events modify moments evolution in thermostatted kinetic models?

This short communication aims at developing a thermostatted kinetic framework which includes conservative and nonconservative interactions. Specifically nonconservative interactions refer to proliferative/destructive and mutative events. The thermostatted kinetic framework is a set of autonomous partial integro-differential equations with quadratic nonlinearity. How the moments evolution is modified by mutative interactions is explored in the present communication. Applications refer to the cancer-immune system competition.     

Attitude control of rigid spacecraft with disturbance generated by time varying exosystems

This paper is concerned with the problem of attitude control and disturbance rejection of rigid spacecraft in the presence of parameter uncertainty. It is assumed that the external disturbance is generated by some time varying exosystems. The unit quaternion is used as the kinematic variables since it is free of singularity. An internal model and an adaptive control law are proposed. The parameter uncertainty caused by the unknown inertia matrix is handled by combining the semi-tensor product and adaptive control method. The asymptotical stability of the closed-loop system is given via backstepping and Lyapunov analysis. Finally, an illustrative example is provided to show the effectiveness of the proposed approach.     

Integrability and exact solutions of the nonautonomous mixed mKdV–sinh–Gordon equation

In this paper, a nonautonomous mixed mKdV–sinh–Gordon equation with one arbitrary time-dependent variable coefficient is discussed in detail. It is proved that the equation passes the Painlevé test in the case of positive and negative resonances, respectively. Furthermore, a dependent variable transformation is introduced to get its bilinear form. Then, soliton, negaton, positon and interaction solutions are introduced by means of the Wronskian representation. Velocities are found to depend on the time-dependent variable coefficient appearing in the equation and this leads to a wide range of interesting behaviours. The singularities and asymptotic estimate of these solutions are discussed. At last, the superposition formulae for these solutions are also constructed.